(Humanities, social and applied sciences) Misan Journal of Academic Studies

Estimate of cold plasma on antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical cases

Zainab Sabah Fahim , Majid Kadhim Aboud Al Shibly — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 17:58:26 +0000

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and opportunistic bacterium and the leading cause of human bacterial infections worldwide. S. aureus exhibits significant resistance to antibiotics, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. This resistance is a growing global concern, as S. aureus can rapidly adapt to various antibiotic treatments, making these bacteria difficult to treat. The ability to form biofilms enhances this resistance, allowing S. aureus to persist in infections and become resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, alternative treatment options to antibiotics are needed to control antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, and cold plasma may be an alternative. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cold plasma on S. aureus antibiotic resistance and its ability to form biofilms. Methodology: 100 clinical samples were collected, isolated, and identified. S. aureus isolates were exposed to cold plasma for different time periods (3, 6, and 9 minutes). Changes in susceptibility to several antibiotics were assessed using the disk diffusion method. A biofilm formation assay was also performed using crystal violet staining. Results: The results demonstrated the clear effectiveness of cold plasma against S. aureus antibiotic resistance and ability to form biofilms. The effectiveness of the tested antibiotics was increased, while the bacteria lost their ability to form biofilms by 100%. The results support the idea of using cold plasma technology as an alternative to antibiotics to eliminate pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and thus treat some diseases associated with these bacteria. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the potential of using cold plasma technology as an alternative to antibiotics to treat diseases associated with S. aureus.

The Subjugation of Bodies, Gender, and Biopolitics in Nawal El Saadawi's Woman at Point Zero

Ali Mohammed Hasan — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:06:39 +0000

The subject of patriarchal systems, especially in eastern societies, has attracted literary writers, activists, and politicians, because of its importance and direct effect on women. The present study examines the subjugation of women's bodies, gender roles, and biopolitics in one of Nawal El Saadawi’s novels: Woman at Point Zero (WPZ). For accomplishing the aim of the study, the research has adopted Michel Foucault’s theory of power relations as the theoretical framework. It, through the analysis, examines patriarchal structures in African and Middle Eastern societies and their role in strengthening male dominance and preserving the systemic oppression of women. Firdaus, the novel's protagonist, develops as a strong symbol of female suffering and resistance under a system of psychological, physical, and sexual control. The study discloses how internalized trauma and cultural conditioning lead to the unconscious submission of women. It further explains the impact of religious and cultural bases on deepening female oppression and provides vision on how modern theory, especially Foucauldian biopolitics, can critically engage with these systems of dominance.

A Comparative study between Boundary and Finite Element Techniques for solving Inverse Problems

Farah A.Saeed , Sarah F. Ghafel — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:14:47 +0000

Inverse problems are of central importance in many scientific and engineering disciplines, where the main objective is to determine unknown internal properties based on limited or indirect observations. Among the most prominent numerical approaches used to address such problems are the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Boundary Element Method (BEM). This paper presents a comparative analytical study between the two methods with respect to numerical accuracy, computational requirements, and the treatment of boundary conditions. The BEM has proven its efficiency in unbounded domains, as it requires discretization of boundaries only, which significantly reduces the problem size. On the other hand, the FEM remains more suitable for problems involving complex geometries, heterogeneous materials, and nonlinearities. The results highlight that the selection of the most appropriate method ultimately depends on the specific nature of the inverse problem, the type of governing equations, and the availability of reliable data.

Postcolonial Feminism and Political Injustice in Huda Barakat’s The Tiller of Waters

Afrah Abdul Jabbar AbdulSahib — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:21:15 +0000

This research offers a argumentative examination of femininity and political injustice in Huda Barakat’s The Tiller of Waters, a novel that unfolds within the chaotic landscape of the Lebanese Civil War· Through evocative prose and fragmented narrative structure, Barakat crafts a deeply symbolic exploration of how women navigate and endure the political and emotional ruins of conflict· Although the novel is narrated by a male protagonist, the presence and memory of women pervade the narrative, functioning as emblems of both loss and endurance· Also this research focuses on how the novel reconfigures traditional gender roles and challenges patriarchal authority by presenting feminine figures not as passive victims, but as silent yet resilient bearers of cultural and emotional continuity .The analysis highlights the subtle yet profound ways in which Barakat embeds femininity into the geography of war-torn Beirut through abandoned domestic spaces, dislocated familial bonds, and the unspoken emotional labor of memory preservation· Moreover, the research underscores how political injustice in the novel is not only tied to institutional failure but also to the erasure and marginalization of feminine voices and experiences . By weaving together themes of displacement, silence, trauma, and identity, The Tiller of Waters exposes the gendered dimensions of political turmoil and suggests that any true reckoning with injustice must include the often overlooked narratives of women. This research thus contributes to broader discussions on gender, memory, and resistance in Arabic war literature.By weaving together themes of displacement, silence, trauma, and identity, The Tiller of Waters exposes the gendered dimensions of political turmoil and suggests that any true reckoning with injustice must include the often overlooked narratives of women. In this way, the novel aligns with postcolonial feminist theory by showing how women’s silencing is tied to both patriarchal power and colonial legacies.

Cordia Myxa Fruit Effect on Bacterial Adhesion to Heat-Cured Acrylic Denture Bases

Noor R. Taha, Shorouq M. Abass — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:27:44 +0000

Maintaining clean dentures is crucial for the health of the patients and the dental personnels. This study investigated the antibacterial effect of Cordia Myxa Fruit (CMF) extract on Bacillus subtilis adhesion to heat-cured acrylic denture bases, comparing it to Glutaraldehyde 2%. Forty disc-shaped heat-cured acrylic specimens were divided into four groups: untreated control, Glutaraldehyde 2% immersion for 10 minutes, and in CMF extract at concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml for 15 minutes. Bacillus subtilis adhesion was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis. Surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD, statistical significance established at p < 0.05. CMF extract significantly reduced bacterial adhesion compared to the untreated control (p < 0.05). The CMF extract of the 150 mg/ml group showed antibacterial effects comparable to Glutaraldehyde 2%, with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Glutaraldehyde treatment caused degradation, while CMF-treated specimens maintained surface integrity similar to untreated control. CMF extract demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, suggesting its potential as a natural, safer alternative to chemical disinfectants in dental practice.

Prevalence and detection of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from different clinical cases

Baneen Maan Kareem, Hadaf Mahdi Kadhim — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:36:23 +0000

Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is Gram-negative pathogen causing Yersiniosis, which is characterized by diarrhea, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis types of infection. This bacterium starts its pathogenic pathway by colonizing within host's intestinal tract after ingestion of contaminated food. It constitutes a challenge for researchers and food handlers because its growth habits, low concentrations in samples, morphological similarity with other bacteria and absence the rapid, cost-effective, and precise detecting methods.

A total of 200 human's stool samples with diarrhea at different ages were collected from several hospitals in different regions at Babylon governorate. All tested strains were identified using the ordinary biochemical tests; in addition the present investigation carried out molecular detection for the virulence related virF gene, and tests the antibiotic resistance for the obtained clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica.

The infection rate of female was 41% and 59% for males. The highest incidence rate (36.4%) is recorded in infants (<1 year). The age group (1-6 year) is second most affected group, represents 24.70%. In contrast, the incidence rate declines significantly in older children and adolescents (7-18 years), collectively represents 8.22%. Interestingly, young adults (19-24 year) reveal a moderate prevalence rate of 5.30%, which stands up slightly in individuals at age of 25-30 years to 7.60%. Regarding to middle-aged adults (31-42 years), the prevalence rate remaining relatively low, with both 31-36 and 37-42 year age categories account for 3% for each. However, an observable expand in cases appears in patients aged 49-54 years (5.90%) and ≥55 years (5.20%). The present study showed that the prevalence rate of Y. enterocolitica accounted 4%; It had a significantly (p<0.05) lower incidence as compared with other causes of diarrhea. In the context of molecular detection of virF gene, it is found that this gene was identified in 6 isolates with percent of 75%. Regarding to antibiotic resistance, Y. enterocolitica isolates showed a highly level of resistance (100%) to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, which revealing potential challenges for therapeutic options. In contrast, moderate resistance (25%) was recorded for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and colistin.

Y. enterocolitica-though detected at a low rate reveal to harbor significant virulence potential and alarming antibiotic resistance. The high prevalence rate of virF gene and resistance to commonly secondhand antimicrobials emphasized its emergence clinical relevance

Molecular investigation of biofilm genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Lamyaa Jabbar Abosaooda — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:41:58 +0000

Biofilms play a major role in antibiotic resistance, making the resulting infections difficult to treat. Biofilms are a key factor in the successful survival of bacteria in complex environments such as those inside the human body, where they can protect them from damaging environmental factors and immune attack. The aim of study was to investigate some of the genes that make the biofilm, determine their sequence. Blood samples were collected from 100 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis at AL-Diwaniyah General Hospital. Samples were achieved aseptically applying sterile syringes by trained phlebotomists following standard infection control protocols to minimize contamination risks. The results showed that Electrophoresis showed that 10 isolate (66.66%) belonging to the S. epidermidis species possessed the atle gene with a molecular weight of 682 base pairs (bp). The aap gene with a molecular weight of 466 base pairs, 9 isolates (60%) of the S. epidermidis. Also, it notes that 4 isolates (25.66%) of S. epidermidis encoded the bhp gene with a molecular weight of 1083 base pairs, while there are 7 isolates (46.66%) of S. epidermidis that possess the icaA gene with a molecular weight of 188 base pairs (bp).

Salivary Thiocyanate Levels and Buccal Mucosal Cells Changes in E-cigarette Users and Traditional Smokers

Mufeed Muhammad Jawad — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:48:38 +0000

Background: The rising use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has become a significant public health issue. While e-cigarettes are seen as a safer alternative to traditional smoking, they may still expose users to toxic chemicals that could adversely affect oral health. This study aims to investigate the cytomorphometric changes in buccal mucosal cells among different smoking groups, including e-cigarette vapers, traditional smokers of varying intensities, and non-smokers, and to correlate these findings with salivary thiocyanate levels, a biomarker for cyanide exposure.

The Metaphorical Representation of Coronavirus in Iraqi Newspaper Cartoons

Hayder Tuama Jasim Al-Saedi — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:11:15 +0000

The current study aims to explore the metaphorical representation of coronavirus in newspaper cartoons. Eighty-one cartoons, illustrated by well-known cartoonists, are collected from Iraqi daily newspapers and limited to the cartoons that shed light on “coronavirus.” All the verbal and visual cues are taken in consideration in these cartoons. They were classified according to their metaphorical conceptual domains and themes. The selected cartoons are analyzed in two different ways. First, they are analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory to verbalize the metaphorical concepts of the verbal and/ or visual cues in these cartoons. Then, they are analyzed using Forceville’s (1996; 2008) Pictorial Metaphor and Sobrino’s (2017) Multimodal Metaphorical conceptualization. The findings revealed that the sampled cartoons included visual/ pictorial and multimodal metaphors to deal with different socio-political and economic affairs. In conclusion, this study showed that the coronavirus pandemic was addressed in different metaphorical concepts such as WAR, GAMES, etc. and shed light on different issues in the society such as the collapse of economy, vaccine, corruption to show negative connotation due to the emergence of coronavirus in these cartoons such as corruption pandemic. The metaphorical representation of coronavirus, in WAR metaphor, shows positive connotation since it shed light on the confrontation of the pandemic and fighting it.

"The Narrative Synthesis of Human Frailty and the Social Attributes of the Singaporean Society in Philip Jeyaretnam’s Abraham's Promise"

Rana Ali Mhoodar — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:16:45 +0000

This paper explores the issue of human frailty in Philip Jeyaretnam’s Abraham’s Promise (1995). It attempts to emonstrate how human frailty is synthesized by three inextricable factors, namely, disappointment, family disintegration, and loss of idealism. Therefore, the study analyzes the novel’s protagonist weakness as an indication of human frailty that exemplifies a collective representation of the Singaporean social life. It follows a qualitative methodology of the selected novel’s characters and narrative structure. Therefore, the discussion of disappointment is reinforced by interpreting the protagonist’ feelings of despondency. Furthermore, it highlights family disintegration and loss of idealism as crucial factors of human frailty depicted in the novel. As such, the study unravels these social impasses via identifying the Singaporean society portrayed through Jeyaretnam’s fictional setting. Thus, the study’s theoretical side is enhanced by scrutinizing the narrative attributes of the Singaporean settings and characters.

Development of Thiadiazole and Schiff Base Derivatives: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Assessment

Doha kareem Hussien, Rafid Kais Kmal, Haitham Kadhim Dakheel — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:23:46 +0000

Given the significant importance and distinctive applications of Schiff base compounds in both academic and applied fields, this study focused on the synthesis of a new heterocyclic compound. Several spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized compound after precipitation and purification. These techniques included: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The solubility of the compound was also evaluated. It was found to be highly soluble in ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and tetrahydrofuran (THF), whereas it was insoluble in water and diethyl ether , In addition, the biological activity of the synthesized compound was investigated against selected strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compound exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activity, which suggests its potential as a candidate for further pharmacological development.

Translating voices from the Tigris: The American Granddaughter as a case study

Falah Hussein Hanoon Al-Sari — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:29:12 +0000

This study attempts to explore and analyze the image schemas in Kachachi’s translated novel, The American Granddaughter, and how they foster geopolitical worldviews by employing conceptual structures working as image schemas that establish specific mental models in collective audiences upon perception. Therefore, this study applies the cognitive linguistic approach to explore and investigate those image schemas. Along with image schemas, mental models are based on individuals’ embodied experiences and interaction with the physical world, be they kinesthetic or spatial. Therefore, image schemas represent an integral part of experience-based gestalt that governs the internal structure and formation of cognitive mental models. In other words, individuals draw upon image schemas as building blocks to the mental models they create about the world. The overlapping relationship between image schemas and mental models underpins the interrelationship between high-order cognitive processes and our encounter with everyday life experiences.

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Copolymer/MWCNT Nanocomposite via Chemical and Interfacial Polymerization

Hajer A. Hussein , Mohammed Q Mohammed — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:36:15 +0000

Various monomers were employed to synthesize copolymers, followed by the fabrication of nanocomposites through the incorporation of 1% carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs–COOH). These nanotubes were modified in the laboratory to enhance the interaction between the polymer matrix and the nanotubes. The nano-doping has led to improve the electrical and thermal performance of the producte materials. The FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and EDX were utilized to characterized composites, while electrical conductivity was measured using the pellet method. The results revealed that the incorporation of functionalized MWCNTs led to significant improvements in electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and morphological structure of the copolymer systems, highlighting their potential for advanced electronic and optoelectronic applications.

Synthesis, diagnosis, and study of the electrical properties of some new iron-polymer complexes containing Schiff bases and study of their thermal stability

Abduljaleel Muhammad Abduljaleel, Nadia Ashour Hussein, Jassim Mohammed Saleh — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:43:51 +0000

Three compounds of the type Schiff bases were prepared from previously prepared and characterized compounds. They were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and reacted with terephthalic chloride to prepare new polyamides. Then three iron complexes were prepared and these polymers and their complexes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and TGA measurements. Studies of the solid-state electrical conductivity of these polymers and their complexes have shown that they are capable of partial electrical conduction, which allows them to be used as semi-conducting materials.

Reptiton in Surah Ghafir, Fussilt, and Ash-shura- An Applied Study

Qusay Tawfiq Hantoush — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:49:12 +0000

The Holy Quran has many unique characteristics and attributes, including its miraculous nature, which has baffled eloquent Arabs, both ancient and modern. Miraculousness has many facets, including eloquence, a unique style of composition, rhetoric, and... Among these characteristics is its use of repetition, which is considered one of the most profound types of miraculousness. Repetition in the Holy Quran is not in vain or without benefit, but rather comes to achieve benefits. The question here is: What are these benefits? This research seeks to address the issue of repetition in three surahs of the Holy Quran: Surat Ghafir, Surat Fussilat, and Surat Ash-Shura, and the rhetorical benefits achieved from it. The most important conclusion reached was that repetition in these surahs served lofty goals and objectives, including affirming specific contents, including the Oneness of God Almighty, His proof of the message, prophethood, and resurrection, and the arguments emanating from the polytheists... Repetition in these surahs varied between the repetition of letters, names, attributes, styles, content, and other elements.

The short story in the literature of Said Hashosh, with 'The White Rainbow' as a model.

Rabab Hussain Muneer — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 19:54:21 +0000

The research studies the short story "The White Rainbow" by Saeed Hashoush, who is a Basra writer with his distinguished output. The research found that the two poles of communication are evident in the text, in addition to their realism. The events were arranged sequentially, and the embedding came intertwined with the pattern of succession. The number of characters was limited, combining an anguished future represented by the child and a buried past of oppression, "Siham." The duality of the countryside and the city appeared in portraying the space of the text, and they resembled each other in injustice and the confiscation of freedoms; hence, the space was colored in darkness, leaving a small glimmer of hope. It was characterized by subjectivity and realism, as all its poles were derived from his reality. The short story enjoyed a poetic quality, as its components were well-structured. The author also used mask, metaphor, simile, and poetic description to portray the events of his story, along with colors and the evocation of animals to produce layers of meaning. The narrator employed a poetic form of address and used colloquial language to express his characters. Furthermore, sound played a significant role in creating rhythm for the text alongside repetition and incorporating poetry through the voice of the protagonist.

Aesthetic functions in men's fabric and fashion designs

Asaad Ati Halil Saad Al-Moussawi — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 16:59:04 +0000

Fabric and fashion designs are clearly influenced by the social and economic environment and the developments taking place in the field of evaluation. This has shaped the designer's ability to devise systems and relationships. This achieves new functions resulting from his own awareness of the components from which he derives the beauty of the design idea. Thus, the research problem was defined. According to the following question: What are the aesthetic functions in men's fabric designs? With the aim of revealing the achievement of aesthetic functions in men's fabric and fashion designs, the research was determined objectively. Studying the aesthetic functions in printed designs for men's fabrics and fashion. The designs available in the markets of Baghdad, within the time period: (2024-2025. The theoretical framework included four topics that dealt with: (1)The concept of Aesthetic values.(2): It dealt with the aesthetic functions in design.(3) : The aesthetics of the visual attributes in design. The research procedures included the research methodology followed, which is content analysis from the descriptive method. The research community, which amounted to (16) models of fabric designs and men’s fashion available in the markets of Baghdad. The sample was chosen intentionally, represented by four models at a rate of (25%) of the research sample. Research findings and conclusions: The aesthetic function is determined by the combination of the overall benefit of the design. It reflects the values of society and the era. Aesthetic judgments are linked to the performance of a specific function in the design product. The research concludes with a list of sources.

Techniques and Methods of Deviation in the Poetry of Kazem Al-Hajjaj and Mohammed Al-Khafaji

Imad Hameed Nassrah Al-Musaedi, Danesh Mohammadi Rakati, Yusuf Nazari — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:09:10 +0000

This study explores the use of deviation techniques in the poetry of Kazem Al-Hajjaj and Mohammed Al-Khafaji, highlighting their stylistic and semantic innovations. Using a stylistic approach, it analyzes semantic, linguistic, and rhythmic deviations. Al-Hajjaj employs a seemingly simple yet profound style, blending everyday language with vivid imagery reflecting Iraqi life. In contrast, Al-Khafaji uses complex symbolism and abstract language to express philosophical ideas, requiring deeper reader reflection. The study shows that both poets offer unique poetic experiences, representing two distinct trends in modern Iraqi poetry: concentrated simplicity and intricate symbolism.

Assimilation and Its Impact on Morphological Structure A Phonological and Morphological Study of Poetic Samples from Various Historical Periods

Suad Abbas Sayyid — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:15:01 +0000

Arabic is one of the richest languages in terms of phonological and morphological phenomena. Assimilation stands out as one of the most prominent of these phenomena. It contributes significantly to the formation of a word’s morphological structure through the harmony. It produces between adjacent sounds in spoken discourse. Assimilation is defined as a phonetic change that results from the influence of one sound on a neighboring sound, leading to their convergence or identity in articulation or phonetic features. This process facilitates pronunciation and reduces the articulatory effort of the speech organs.

Classical Arab linguists were aware of this phenomenon although they did not label it. They addressed it using various terminologies. Modern linguists, however, have paid particular attention to assimilation by studying it as a phonological phenomenon that affects the morphological structure of the word.

This study explores assimilation from two complementary perspectives—phonological and morphological—highlighting its functional dimensions within the Arabic morphological system. It relies on selected poetic examples from diverse historical periods: The Pre-Islamic, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Modern eras, to ensure a precise temporal representation of the phenomenon. The study examines various types of assimilation such as assimilation between consonants, between vowels, and the interaction between both. It reveals its impact on morphological processes such as assimilation (idgham), vowel weakening (i‘lal), substitution (ibdal), and structural modification.

The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method, which relies on application and induction, aiming to underscore the central role of assimilation in shaping the morphological structure of Arabic words.

The Degree to Which Middle School Mathematics Teachers Possess Creative Teaching Skills

Saif Karim Muslim — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present research aims to identify the degree to which middle school mathematics teachers possess creative teaching skills. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted the descriptive methodology. The research population consisted of mathematics teachers teaching only at the middle school level in intermediate and secondary schools affiliated with the Al-Amarah District in the General Directorate of Education in Maysan, totaling (232) teachers. A randomly selected sample of (46) teachers constituted the main study sample.The research instrument was an observation checklist for creative teaching skills, consisting of (30) items distributed across the stages of creative teaching: (1) Creative Planning Skills, (2) Creative Implementation Skills, and (3) Creative Evaluation Skills). The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified, and it was applied to the sample after conducting statistical data analysis using SPSS. The results revealed:

The degree to which middle school mathematics teachers possess creative teaching skills was moderate, but not at the desired level.
There were no statistically significant differences in the degree of possession of creative teaching skills attributable to the gender variable.
There were statistically significant differences in the degree of possession of creative teaching skills attributable to the experience variable, in favor of those with less than 10 years of teaching experience compared to those with 10 years or more.

In light of the findings, a set of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

Plantinga's Epistemological Justification for General Beliefs

Sajjad Saleh, Shenyar Abbas Mahdavi, Mostafa Farhoudi, Mohammad Keyvanfar — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:30:04 +0000

This research addresses the epistemological justification of general beliefs through Alvin Plantinga's thesis within the philosophy of religion and epistemology. It discusses the extent to which beliefs, particularly religious ones, require evidential support to be considered epistemically justified. Plantinga proposes an alternative to classical foundationalism and evidentialism through what he terms "Reformed Foundationalism," which allows certain basic beliefs to be self-justified, provided they result from cognitive faculties functioning properly in an appropriate environment. The research's significance lies in its critique of traditional models of epistemic justification, such as evidentialism and coherentism, which tend to exclude religious beliefs from the realm of rationality. This work distinguishes itself from previous studies by offering a complex analytical treatment that connects Plantinga's critique of classical foundationalism with his theory of warrant as a condition for knowledge, with an emphasis on its operational dimensions in the contemporary epistemological context. The study adopted a critical analytical methodology, comparing foundationalism, coherentism, and evidentialism with Plantinga's model of proper function, dissecting the conceptual underpinnings of his reformist project. It concludes that Plantinga adopts a modified externalist foundationalism, which holds that the justification of a belief does not necessitate infallibility, but rather the conformity of its production mechanisms to proper cognitive function. Furthermore, it posits the concept of "warrant" as a more realistic alternative to "justification," grounding it in a divine sense and epistemic virtues, thereby reshaping the relationship between reason and faith in a way that achieves a balance between philosophical critique and humanity's natural cognitive structure

The effect of the situation on leaving out the forgotten non-metaphorical object in the Holy Qur’an

Yassin Taher Ayez — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:36:33 +0000

This research presents a vision for reading the text in application to the idea of the situation, in which it examines the effect of the conditions that shaped the situation, which called for the transitive verb to be placed in the position of the intransitive verb by forgetting its object, in situations that required that, which are the situations of: (separation; sanctification; information; praise; warning; discipline; glorification; alleviation; complaint).

The researcher relied on the attachment to the aspects of rhetorical effect in the system, which helped the linguistic structure respond to the occasions of the situation, as it moves in accordance with the purposes and objectives. He also relied on the flexibility of the linguistic system in keeping pace with the semantic transformations that occur due to the influence of the situation, including the shifts that justified the departure from mentioning the object, and corrected its omission and forgetting. He devoted the research to the forgotten non-metaphorical, and investigated its omission in a selection of noble Qur’anic texts, to demonstrate the attachment of this forgetting to the situation

Ambiguities and Their Role in Constructing Stylistic Connotation: A Reading in Ahmed Zeki Abo Shadi’s Alyanbu’a Poetry

Rania Ali Munim — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:47:17 +0000

Previously and currently, the researcher had been interested in talking about ambiguities in the Arabic grammar. They realized their connotations and purposes. They had revealed their role in generating meanings and connecting the parts that create the textual structure as a form and connotation.

Ambiguities means the elements that lack to a sign in between or a link such as pronouns, demonstrative nouns, a linking noun or adverbs.

Recently, it focused on pronouns, demonstrative nouns, and linking nouns because they are ambiguous in the poetry of Ahmed Zekis especially in his poetic work Alyanbu’a. However, the question raises itself how the ambiguities contributed in constructing the connotation in the poetry of Ahmed Zeki and how it revealed the viewpoints and connotations that the poet tries by using these elements.

The reality of Primary School Teachers' Practice of Social Sciences to The Contemporary Professional Criteria

Qasim Jaleel Zayir Al-Ghurabi , Ramla Jabbar Khadhm Al-Saedi — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:53:27 +0000

The study examines the extent to which primary school teachers in Maysan Province adhere to contemporary professional criteria in teaching social sciences, as perceived by school headmasters. Using a descriptive research approach, the study targeted 764 primary school principals during the (2024/2025) academic year, with a randomly selected sample of 150 participants (20% of the total population). A validated questionnaire comprising 65 items grouped into three areas—knowledge, skills, and values/attitudes—was used to assess teachers' practices. Data analysis employed several statistical tools, including percentages, chi-square, Cronbach's alpha, and others. Results revealed that the overall adherence to professional criteria was at a "good" level, with a weighted average of 163.063 (65.12%). Among the three areas, knowledge ranked highest (69.94%, very good), highlighting teachers' strong subject mastery and ability to effectively convey knowledge. Values and attitudes ranked second (63.78%, good), reflecting teachers’ commitment to ethical and professional standards. Skills ranked third (61.64%, good), indicating effective classroom management and use of modern teaching methods but showing room for improvement compared to the other areas. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended: designing training programs for social sciences teachers based on international standards, creating rewards and incentives for teachers meeting professional criteria, training headmasters in evaluation techniques aligned with contemporary standards, and updating social sciences curricula in Iraq to reflect global professional criteria. Further research on professional criteria in teaching at intermediate and preparatory levels was also suggested.

Rhythm techniques in the poetry of Hasab Al-Sheikh Jaafar

Mayyada AbduLAmeer ISmael — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 17:58:50 +0000

This study seeks to explore the techniques of rhythm in modern Arabic poetry through the poetic works of Haseb al-Sheikh Jaafar, one of the most prominent figures of modernism in Arabic literature. His poetic experience is distinguished by the employment of innovative techniques, some of which pertain to the overall rhythm of the poem, while others relate to its stylistic structure. Accordingly, this research aims to identify the most significant rhythmic techniques utilized by the poet and to examine their role in enhancing the rhythmic dimension of the poem. The research adopts an analytical descriptive method.

Youm AlHashir in Holy Quran: Surat Alansan as A Case Study

Ali Howair Swailem — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 18:04:04 +0000

Surah Al-Insan has a great place, as it is one of the surahs that included clarification of many aspects of a person’s life, how he was created, his fate on the Day of Resurrection, and determining his location, whether he is in Paradise or Hell. The Surah included the Day of Judgment and described it with three characteristics (gloomy frowning, widespread evil, and a heavy day, The surah explained the conditions of the people of Hell in two verses that include the existence of a painful torment for them through chains, shackles, blazing fire, and painful torment. Surat Al-Insan detailed the conditions of the people of Paradise and that they are in great bliss and dominion.

Criminal Policy for Addressing Crimes of Disclosure of Occupational Secrets and Violations of Messages and Telegrams (Comparative Study)

Mustafa Shakir Hussein — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 18:09:18 +0000

This thesis, examines the legal and practical dimensions related to crimes that impact the privacy of individuals and entities within the context of occupational performance. The study aims to analyze the legal foundations governing these crimes while reviewing the various legislative frameworks in multiple countries, including the legal texts pertaining to the protection of occupational secrets.

The thesis explores the legal implications of disclosing occupational secrets and details the applicable legal systems, highlighting the criminal procedures adopted in response to these violations. Through a comparative analysis of legislations, the effectiveness of the implemented criminal policies in enhancing legal protection for secrets and messages is evaluated, along with their responsiveness to contemporary challenges, such as technological advancements and modern communication means