(Humanities, social and applied sciences) Misan Journal of Academic Studies

The Contrastive Values Between Voiced and Voiceless Sounds and Their Role in Ibn Arabi's Usage

Enas Hamza Al-A'raji — 2026-10-02

This research examines Sufi studies as a gateway through which we can elucidate the relationship between phonetic features and existential meaning within the hermeneutic applications of Sheikh Muhyiddin ibn Arabi’s thought. Rather than treating them merely as two physical phenomena, they are approached as two interpretive tools within the realm of Islamic thought. This subject has occupied a vast space and received significant attention from scholars, particularly those who focused on interpretation (Interpretive) and finding solutions to many of the dilemmas inherent in the 'text'. However, this study does not stop at the boundaries of descriptive linguistics; rather, it hinges on the phonetic characteristics of jahr (voicedness/loudness) and hams (voicelessness/whisper) to manifest the concepts of the 'inward' (al-Batin) and the 'outward' (al-Zahir) through the binary oppositional values of these two features. It illustrates how Ibn Arabi employed these two attributes from multiple perspectives to express cosmic and spiritual semiotics that transcend pure linguistic description and act as a pivotal factor in clarifying multi-layered meanings. Thus, he links jahr (voicedness) to the world of the seen (alam al-shahadah), while linking hams (voicelessness) to the world of the unseen (alam al-ghayb), thereby rendering sound an instrument for decoding the ciphers of existence.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-001

Geographical Analysis of the Housing Crisis in Al-Maimouna City According to Population Growth: A Study of Causes and Remedies

Aya Basim Saddam — 2026-10-02

The housing problem has become one of the most significant issues facing Iraq in general and the study area in particular. Despite the measures and initiatives undertaken by the state to address this problem, such as constructing residential complexes, distributing land plots, and providing housing loans, these measures have not offered radical solutions to the crisis. The research problem revolves around one of the major issues in the study area, namely the housing crisis, from which many families still suffer due to their inability to obtain suitable housing. The importance of the study lies in proposing a set of comprehensive measures adopted by the research, which could significantly contribute to confronting the housing problem in the city. These measures may assist the state in addressing the housing crisis and finding fundamental solutions in line with government directions and initiatives, aa well as with the provisions of the current Iraqi Constitution, which obliges the state of provide adequate housing for all citizens.

The study relied on the systems approach in tracing the roots of the problem and its aggravation up to the present time, alongside presenting the prevailing housing conditions in the city. This was followed by an analysis of several indicators related to the causes of the problem, such as rising land prices, rent levels, severe housing overcrowding, and the rapid population growth of the city. Based on the data analysis, the study identified directions for alleviating and addressing the housing problem through adopting housing projects according to realistic considerations and standards, especially with regard to housing for low-income groups and the poor. In addition, the study proposed several interconnected strategies related to the issue.The research concluded with several conclusions and recommendations, most notably that the increasing population and mechanical growth in Al-Maimouna city between 1987 and 2023, where the population jumped to (34,915 people) and families to (6,867 families), led to massive pressure on the housing sector. This demographic explosion tripled the housing deficit to reach (1,996 units) by a percentage of (51.7%) in the year 2023, causing inflation in rents to start from (150 thousand) and reach (350 thousand Dinars) monthly. Despite this shortage, field indicators proved that the core of the crisis is due to housing monopoly and poor distribution, not the absolute shortage; which requires the state to adopt a comprehensive developmental strategy and real, time-bound housing to provide adequate housing and liquidate the crisis radically.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-002

Advertising and its Aesthetic and Expressive Vocabulary

Ali Zair Rasan Al-Muzani — 2026-10-02

This research aims to study advertising as a visual and expressive phenomenon that transcends its traditional commercial function, transforming into a cultural and artistic product subject to the criteria of aesthetics. The research problem stems from the complex intersection between the utilitarian purpose of advertising (marketing and attraction) and the aesthetic and expressive values employed by the designer to achieve this purpose, as well as the extent to which these values are influenced by the philosophical shifts in the concepts of beauty and ugliness. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to deconstruct the aesthetic vocabulary of advertising—such as design, colors, fonts, contrast, motion, symbolism, and lighting—and then proceeds to discuss its philosophical and expressive dimensions.

The research is divided into two main sections. The first section addresses the aesthetic vocabulary in advertising through two subsections that focus on the visual and auditory structure, as well as the mechanisms of interaction and visual impact. Meanwhile, the second section discusses the expressive aspect of advertising and its philosophical dimensions between beauty and ugliness across two subsections that investigate the language of advertising expression and the philosophical dialectic of aesthetic values. The study reached a set of results, most notably that modern advertising is no longer merely a tool for displaying commodities, but has rather become an expressive medium that reproduces the aesthetic and philosophical standards of society. Furthermore, "ugliness" in its philosophical sense may be employed in advertising as a visual shock tool to achieve higher attention-grabbing results. The study recommends the necessity of deepening philosophical and aesthetic awareness among advertising designers to ensure the elevation of public taste without undermining the marketing function.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-003

A Reading of Polygamy between Islamic Legal Texts and Contemporary Transformations (An Analytical Study According to the Ja‘fari School of Jurisprudence)

Ali Challoob Elaibi — 2026-10-02

Praise be to Allah, Who has made marriage a source of tranquility and affection, and Who has legislated laws for the welfare of His servants in this world and the Hereafter. May peace and blessings be upon the Prophet of Mercy, Muhammad, and upon his pure and immaculate Household.

The family system in Islam constitutes the fundamental pillar of a sound social structure. Since marriage is the solemn covenant from which this social unit originates, Islamic law has surrounded it with a comprehensive legal framework that balances the innate needs of the individual with the requirements of the public interest. Among these legal provisions, polygyny has emerged as one of the most debated and widely discussed issues in intellectual and legal circles, particularly in light of the profound transformations experienced by contemporary societies.

The central problem of this study does not lie in the original religious texts themselves, which are firmly established in the Holy Qur'an and elaborated in the Prophetic Sunnah as well as the traditions of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). Rather, it lies in the manner in which these texts are understood and applied within the context of contemporary social changes. Globalization, shifting economic patterns, and the changing nature of family responsibilities have introduced new challenges to the implementation of polygyny, thereby necessitating a renewed analytical and objectives-based (maqāṣidī) reading of this institution.

This study aims to elucidate the legislative wisdom underlying polygyny and to critically examine the intellectual trends that have sought either to undermine this institution or to misapply it .

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-004

The Representations of the Zionist Soldier in the Collection of Stories "My Short Stories" by Nachum Mendel

Ammar Muhammad Hattab — 2026-10-02

This study analyzes the representations of the Israeli soldier in the collection of short stories "My Short Stories" by Nahum Mandel (2014), using a literary approach that combines narrative and rhetorical analysis with cultural criticism. The study seeks to dismantle the mythical image of the Zionist soldier through various narrative strategies, chief among which: the description of the soldier's body as both aesthetic and tragic, the use of silence as a narrative language that reflects ambiguity and alienation, and the nonlinear temporal structure that turns the soldier into a mere memory.

The study focuses on three main stories: "Jo", which depicts the enigmatic and silent soldier; "Meeting with a Disabled Man", which presents the disabled soldier as a victim of chance and the military system, and "Service on Mount Scopus", which depicts the soldier in his less heroic moments. The study uses theoretical concepts from modern Hebrew literature, such as: bad moral luck, and narrative silence in the literature of the missing soldiers. It also draws on critical readings on representations of war in Israeli literature.

The study shows that Mandel's stories reshape the image of the Israeli soldier as a fragile person, living in borderline and isolated spaces, suffering physical and psychological traumas, and dealing with open endings that turn him into an existential question without an answer, very far from the official heroic discourse.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-005

The Relationship Between Genetic Mutations and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review

Raghad Jabbar Abdul Sahib — 2026-10-02

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple genetic and environmental contributing factors. However, recent studies highlight the significant role of gene mutations in its development. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between gene mutations and ASD by reviewing recent scientific literature, focusing on genes associated with brain function and synapses. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzing a range of studies published in reputable scientific databases that addressed the impact of inherited mutations, de novo mutations, and copy number variations (CNVs) on neurodevelopment. The reviewed literature indicates that several genes, including CHD8, SHANK3, SCN2A, SYNGAP1, CNTNAP2, RELN, and MTHFR, have been studied for their role in neuronal development, neuronal signaling, and synaptic function. Genetic alterations affecting these pathways may contribute to disruptions in neural communication and imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory signals, potentially impacting social behavior, communication, and cognitive functions in individuals with autism.Furthermore, evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not caused by a single gene but rather reflects a complex genetic architecture involving multiple genes and interconnected biological pathways. This review highlights the importance of modern genetic technologies in enhancing our understanding of the genetic basis of ASD and their potential contribution to early diagnosis and the development of targeted, precision medicine-based therapies .The study also underscores the need for further genetic research in Arab and Iraqi populations to better characterize the genetic diversity associated with ASD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-006

The Reflection of Iraqi Reality in Feminist Poetry after 2003: A Study in Selected Models

Hiba Salman Musa — 2026-10-02

This research examines the reflection of the troubled Iraqi reality in feminist poetry, through selected models from the poetry, adopting the descriptive-analytical method. The study reveals that the crisis-ridden reality is the primary driving force behind this poetic discourse, producing a fragmented poem embodying an identity and certainty crisis. this reflection was not limited to documentation, but revealed deep existential alienation, in which the poetic self-found itself exiled from homeland and spiritual framework that once granted it security and meaning.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-007

Humor and Seriousness in the Poetry of Ibn al-Mu'tazz

Saja Jassim Mohammed — 2026-10-02

This study examines the themes of humor and seriousness in the poetry of Ibn al-Mu'tazz, considering them among the distinctive artistic features that characterize his poetic experience. Ibn al-Mu'tazz successfully combined humorous expression with serious reflection, creating poetic texts that unite aesthetic pleasure with intellectual depth and reveal his perception of life and society. The study aims to identify the manifestations of humor and seriousness in his poetry, analyze their artistic characteristics, and explore their contribution to the stylistic and semantic construction of his poetic discourse.

The research adopts the descriptive-analytical approach through the examination and interpretation of selected poetic texts in light of classical Arabic sources and modern scholarly studies. It is divided into three main sections. The first presents the life of Ibn al-Mu'tazz, his upbringing, and his intellectual formation. The second discusses the concepts of humor and seriousness and their major characteristics in the Arabic literary tradition. The third provides an analytical study of selected poetic passages that represent both humorous and serious tendencies in Ibn al-Mu'tazz's poetry, highlighting their rhetorical and artistic dimensions.

The study concludes that humor in Ibn al-Mu'tazz's poetry is not merely a means of amusement, but an artistic device through which he expresses social and psychological concerns, whereas seriousness reflects wisdom, contemplation, and human experience. It also demonstrates that the poet successfully achieved a balanced integration of these two tendencies, enriching the stylistic diversity and semantic depth of his poetry and reinforcing his distinguished position in Abbasid literature.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-008

The Juristic Premises of Martyr Muḥammad Bāqir al-Sadr (A Study of the Most Significant Rijāl and Legal-Theoretical Opinions and Their Impact on Fatwā)

Falah Abdul Hassan Hashem — 2026-10-02

This research examines the foundations of juristic inference (istinbāṭ) in the thought of Martyr Muḥammad Bāqir al-Sadr, a dimension that has received insufficient scholarly attention despite its considerable significance. The importance of the research lies in exploring al-Sadr's jurisprudential methodology and tracing the foundational principles he employed in formulating his legal rulings (fatāwā), constituting a scholarly contribution to the field of contemporary Shīʿī jurisprudential studies. The research problem is that al-Sadr's jurisprudential and legal-theoretical foundations, despite their profound influence in establishing a distinctive jurisprudential school, lack a comprehensive systematic study that reveals their bases and applications. The most important findings are: that al-Sadr's school is distinguished by general methodological features including comprehensiveness, analytical precision, and creative renewal; and that his distinctive opinions in rijāl criticism and legal theory contributed to divergent jurisprudential ruling, most notably the Doctrine of the Right of Obedience (ḥaqq al-ṭāʿa), the novel interpretation of the apparent legal ruling (al-ḥukm al-ẓāhirī), the Theory of Isnād Compensation, his original contributions to the probative authority of normative practice (al-sīra), the Theory of Firm Correlation (al-qarn al-akīd), and the interpretation of scholarly consensus (ijmāʿ) through the accumulation of probabilistic values.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-009

The Mudarib’s Entitlement to Expenses during Ḥaḍar: A Jurisprudential Study in Light of the Five Schools of Islamic Law

Lamia Majid Dhahid Al-Hajjaji — 2026-10-02

One of the issues examined in the jurisprudential chapter on muḍārabah is the mudarib’s entitlement to expenses during ḥaḍar (residence/non-travel). Imami and Sunni jurists agree that, as an initial principle governing muḍārabah, when the mudarib is in ḥaḍar, he must bear from his own property the expenses of food, clothing, transportation, accommodation, and all other necessities incurred during residence. Accordingly, he has no right to require the rabb al-māl (capital provider) to bear any of these expenses out of the muḍārabah capital. In addition to consensus (ijmāʿ), the denial of the mudarib’s entitlement to such expenses has been substantiated by established customary practice (sīra), the presumption that disposing of another’s property is impermissible, and the authentic report of ʿAlī ibn Jaʿfar. Imami, Hanafi, and Hanbali jurists, relying on the Prophetic tradition, “Believers are bound by their stipulations,” as well as on the view that expenses constitute consideration for the benefit derived, the existence of implied authorization to dispose of the property, and analogy (qiyās) with muḍārabah during travel, maintain that it is permissible to stipulate the mudarib’s entitlement to expenses during ḥaḍar, notwithstanding the implication of the unrestricted terms of the muḍārabah contract. Such a stipulation thereby establishes for the mudarib a Shariah-based and legally enforceable right to claim these expenses. By contrast, Shafi‘i and Maliki jurists consider such a stipulation invalid and vitiating the muḍārabah contract, on the grounds that it contradicts the legal implications of the contract, falls outside the provisions of the Qur’an, results in uncertainty as to the amount of the muḍārabah capital, and conflicts with the principle that the mudarib is entitled to nothing beyond the agreed share of profit. All of these arguments have been critically examined and analyzed in this article, which adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and concludes that the view affirming the validity of stipulating expenses for the mudarib is well-founded.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-010

The Effect of Poetic Image Proliferation in the Diwan of Al-Khalidiyyayn

Mahmoud Mohammed Allawi Jawad Al-Rawi — 2026-10-02

The study of this research, tagged with "The Impact of the Multiple Poetic Image in the Diwan of the Immortals," revealed in their Diwan that the poetic image was not just a decorative tool or a verbal ornament but formed a structure with a deep significance that expresses the two poets' vision of the world and the embodiment of their emotional and intellectual experience. The graphic image (simile-metaphorical) and sensory images (visual, auditory, taste, and olfactory) contributed to the creation of a multi-level poetic texture in which the connotations interact and overlap, which enriches the aesthetic experience of the recipient and opens the text to interpretations. The inverted simile had an active presence in the two poets, as well as the metaphorical image of the two poets of the ability to transform the spirits into the tangible and the sensible into meanings, which makes their texts vibrant with life and movement when it was borrowed (for the walking moon) and (for the smiling dawn), while the sensory image of various types showed the deep influence of the two poets on the Abbasid environment and its charming nature (its orchards) and the connection of the description of the beloved with nature.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-011

The Normative Level in Dr. Majid Al-Zamali's Al-Mustadrak ʿalā Tadhkirat al-Kātib: An Analytical Study

Murtadha Hamdan Ajib — 2026-10-03

This study examines the normative linguistic approach adopted by Dr. Majid Al-Zamali in his critical responses to the linguistic judgments of the critic and linguist Asʿad Khalil Dagher in his book Tadhkirat al-Kātib. It explores the concepts of linguistic error and correctness, the criteria employed in formulating linguistic judgments concerning the acceptance or rejection of lexical items and linguistic structures, and scholars' positions regarding these criteria. The study demonstrates that Dr. Al-Zamali adopted a moderate approach, displaying considerable tolerance toward many words and constructions rejected by other critics. This is evident in his methodology, analytical approach, and critical tools, as he extensively investigated authoritative linguistic sources to substantiate disputed usages, consulting Arabic dictionaries, collections of classical poetry, and the language of distinguished authors. He believed in the legitimacy of linguistic expansion and figurative usage, maintaining that language cannot remain static or confined to a particular historical period; rather, it possesses inherent capacities that enable it to evolve and keep pace with developments across successive ages.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-012

The extent to which biology teachers possess TPACK skills and its relationship to their achievement motivation and future outlook

Jaafar Khammat Jelow — 2026-10-03

The present study aimed to identify the extent to which biology teachers possess Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) skills and to investigate the relationship between these skills, achievement motivation, and future outlook. The study adopted a descriptive correlational research design. The research sample consisted of 40 biology teachers. The researchers developed two research instruments: the first was a TPACK Skills Scale consisting of 36 items, and the second was an Achievement Motivation Scale consisting of 32 items in its final version. In addition, the researchers adopted the Future Outlook Scale developed by Al-Karaawi (2025), as it was deemed appropriate for the objectives of the study and the research sample; the scale consisted of 25 items.

The findings indicated that the participants demonstrated a moderate level of both TPACK skills and achievement motivation, whereas their level of future outlook was low. The results also revealed a moderate positive correlation between TPACK skills and achievement motivation, as well as a weak positive correlation between TPACK skills and future outlook. Based on these findings, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-024

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Groundwater Aquifer Properties in Eastern Maysan Governorate, Southern Iraq

Ahmed M. Hashoosh — 2026-10-03

This research focuses on studying the spatial and temporal variations in the hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater aquifers in eastern Maysan Governorate, including groundwater depth, saturated thickness of aquifers, well discharge, and water flow direction. This helps in understanding the behavior of groundwater aquifers and identifying the most suitable areas for groundwater exploitation. Analysis of data obtained from the archives of the General Authority for Groundwater revealed that the study area is characterized by two types of aquifers: the Quaternary aquifer, which is an unconfined aquifer and the main aquifer in the area, with a saturated thickness ranging from 23 to 47 meters; and the Tertiary aquifer, which is the secondary aquifer with a saturated thickness ranging from 19 to 27 meters. Groundwater flow in the area is from the northeast towards the western and southwestern parts. Well discharge is high in the northeastern parts compared to the rest of the study area, with fluctuating groundwater depths, especially in the northeastern parts, due to increased extraction. Studying and identifying these characteristics provides a scientific basis for supporting the sustainable management of groundwater and protecting it from depletion.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-014

Influence of Boswellic Acid on Enamel Microhardness in Initial Caries Lesions: An in Vitro Study

Roa'a Jamal Abdulameer — 2026-10-03

Tooth decay is an extremely common condition that needs a preventative mechanism. Acetyl-11-keto-β-Boswellic acid (AKBA) is a natural product derived from Boswellia serrata with numerous beneficial properties and its impact on enamel remineralization has not been investigated. This research examined how AKBA affects the microhardness and surface morphology of the enamel. For this investigation, premolars that had been extracted for orthodontic purposes were cleaned, wrapped individually, and stored in distilled water until testing. Each sample went through a total of three testing procedures. The first baseline procedure was to measure the microhardness of the enamel, which had yet to be demineralized. The second demineralization procedure involved demineralization by simulating early lesions of the enamel in an acidic solution (pH. 4.5). After AKBA was applied, the samples were remineralized and placed into containers with artificial saliva to recreate the conditions of the oral cavity. The best results amongst the test concentrations were with 0.1 μM AKBA. This indicated a more homogeneous surface that exhibited the greatest microhardness and sufficient mineral content (p < 0.05) as confirmed by FESEM and EDX analyses. Overall, amongst the other test concentrations, 0.1 μM AKBA was the best in increasing the hardness and remineralization of the enamel as well as improving the enamel morphology. Based on the evidence presented, AKBA has the properties of an adjunctive agent for enamel repair and the prevention of demineralization and enhancing microhardness as well as modifying the surface morphology of enamel.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-015

A Comparative Analysis of Sedentary Behavior and Dietary Behavior in Relation to Dental Caries Among Resistance Trained Men

Sarah Bassil Abdulwhid — 2026-10-03

This comparative cross-sectional research design aims to evaluate sedentary behavior and dietary behavior in relation to dental caries. The population of this work are gym members and general participants. A self-administered questionnaire was submitted to 100 gym members and 100 general participants selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire was used to measure a sedentary lifestyle. Investigations were conducted into the frequency of taking protein supplements and their correlation with dietary practices. Caries experience was diagnosed and taken based on the missing, decayed, and filled index (DMF index for permanent teeth) according to criteria described by WHO (2013) utilizing dental mirror and community periodontal index probe (CPI). The results indicate that compared to supplement users (SU), non-supplement users (NSU) eat substantially more baked goods and snacks (p<0.001). On the other hand, SU consumes much more meat, chicken, and nuts (p < 0.001). Caries experience increased with increase sedentary behavior in both groups, but with no significant difference except in study group in MS, its result is significant difference.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-016

Semantic Challenges in Translating Road Signs

Falah Hussein Hanoon Al-Sari — 2026-10-03

Translating road signs between Arabic and English presents semantic challenges due to their distinct cultural contexts. This study investigates these challenges within the functionalist approaches in contemporary translation studies. Road signs incorporate minimal texts, ellipsis, shapes, colors, etc., all together decide the meaning of the sign and how they function as a specific message to road users. This hybrid nature of road signs is therefore vocative and imperative because they necessitate immediate action upon reception. This research paper utilizes Peter Newmark’s communicative approach of translation to demonstrate that conventional translation methods that prioritize word-for-word transfer techniques fail to preserve the functionality of road signs when translated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-017

Macroeconomic Indicators: Iraq and the Dynamics of Oil and Conflict in the Arabian Gulf the Impact of Regional Wars (1950–2000)

Dhifaf Mahdi Hasson — 2026-10-03

This study explores the complex relationship between regional conflicts and global energy security in the Arabian Gulf between 1950 and 2000, with a particular focus on Iraq's role in shaping this dynamic. During this period, the Gulf emerged as a strategic energy hub, while simultaneously becoming a theater for prolonged geopolitical instability. Key events such as the Iranian Revolution, the Iran–Iraq War, and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait significantly disrupted oil production and supply routes, triggering sharp fluctuations in global oil prices and prompting international interventions.

By employing a historical-analytical approach, the research investigates how Iraq is political and military engagements affected both regional power balances and the global energy market. The study draws on archival data, oil price statistics, and international policy responses to assess the impact of these crises on the concept and practice of energy security. It argues that Iraq's central role in the Gulf’s conflicts was pivotal in redefining global strategies for securing energy supplies and in shaping long-term geopolitical alignments in the region.

The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the nexus between war and energy in one of the world’s most volatile yet vital regions. They also offer relevant insights for contemporary energy security debates, particularly in the context of current and emerging geopolitical risks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-018

Characterization and Classification of Soils in Al-Muwafaqiyah and Al-Dujaili Areas within Al-Kut District, Wasit Governorate, and Evaluation of Their Agricultural Suitability

Hasanain Mohammed Mahmood Alabooda — 2026-10-03

The aim of this study was to characterize and taxonomically classify two agricultural soil sites, Al-Muwafaqiyah (K1) and Al-Dujaili (K2), of the Tigris alluvial plain of Wasit Governorate in central Iraq, each represented by three field replicates, and to evaluate their agricultural suitability. This site-level characterization is intended as a preliminary contribution rather than a comprehensive regional soil survey. Both locations are predominantly irrigated by surface water from the Tigris River and associated irrigation canals, not by groundwater wells. The surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were tested for soil reaction, electrical conductivity, Cation Exchange Capacity, organic matter, calcium carbonate, soluble ions, available N, P, and K, particle-size distribution, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and suitability indicators. Soils were slightly alkaline (pH 7.29) and moderately calcareous (CaCO3 21.49%), and lower than the monitoring threshold for salinity (mean ECe 3.65 dS m-1) but not severely saline, and low in organic matter (mean 6.38 g kg-1). The ESP averaged 17.30%, which is regarded as the main management constraint, with sodicity being the predominant issue. Texture varied in local deposits within the alluvial plain, becoming silt-dominated in K1 and a clay-loam in K2. The soils at both Al-Muwafaqiyah and Al-Dujaili were classified as Typic Torrifluvents (USDA Soil Taxonomy: order Entisols, suborder Fluvents) based on representative pedons at each site through morphological observations and laboratory analyses. The field morphology, recent alluvial parent material of the Tigris, and the physicochemical features of both representative soil profiles support this classification. Data from descriptive statistical analysis indicated low to moderate differences between sites for most of the soil properties used for this study, and high variability within the sites for available N. Agricultural suitability was determined as moderately suitable (S2), which was primarily limited by sodicity, low organic matter, and moderate nutrient-retention capacity. As a preliminary, site-level characterization, the results of this study indicate that combining soil chemistry, pedon morphology, texture classification, descriptive statistics, and taxonomic interpretation provides a more informative basis for the management of alluvial agricultural soils in the Al-Kut District than any single indicator alone, while broader, more intensively replicated survey work is still needed to support a comprehensive regional management framework.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-019

Deciphering the Unfamiliar: Generational Conflict and Cultural Transformation in the Novels of Jhumpa Lahiri

Hussein Mnahi Munshid — 2026-10-03

This article aims to discuss the differences, traditions, and transformations described in Jhumpa Lahiri’s immigrant-themed writings, which are based on the author’s personal experience as an immigrant. The author examines immigrant identity, which is determined by the conflict between preserving traditions and adapting to the new environment. The problem posed in this article is how Jhumpa Lahiri describes the conflict between the need to preserve traditions and adapt to the conditions of the new environment in the stories and novels of immigrant families. An analysis of the text of Lahiri’s works will allow exploring how the author constructs the immigrant consciousness about tradition and change through various narrative techniques. For this purpose, the books The Namesake (2003), Interpreter of Maladies (1999), and Unaccustomed Earth (2008) will be examined. Moreover, this study will highlight such aspects of these books as transformation, differences between generations, and the redefinition of the concept of tradition. In addition, to understand the author’s immigrant consciousness, post-colonial and diaspora studies will be applied in the analysis of Lahiri’s writings. Consequently, this article demonstrates, based on the analysis of these books, that in the narratives about immigrant families, transformation is presented as a dialectical process in which the conflict between the two opposing forces of immigrant identity, namely, the desire to preserve traditions and adapt to the new environment, manifests. Consequently, by presenting such a concept of transformation, Lahiri problematizes this aspect of the immigrant experience and thereby emphasizes its specificity for each immigrant.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-020

Neuro-Symbolic and Federated Learning for Privacy-Preserving Intrusion Detection

Marwah Najm Mansoor — 2026-10-03

The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has established itself as a foundation of contemporary intrusion detection systems because it can examine the network traffic on a large scale and detect sophisticated attack patterns. Nevertheless, the issues of data privacy, interpretability, and class imbalance still remain as the hindrances to the efficiency of the available solutions. The paper performs a detailed experimental analysis of six AI-based intrusion detection models, Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Federated Learning (FL) and Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence (NSAI) on the CICIDS2017 dataset within a single framework of pre-processing and evaluation. The findings show that the tree-based models (RF and DT) exhibit the highest overall performance (0.9985), which is why they are appropriate in resource-limited and high-speed settings. The Artificial Neural Networks are suitable in the nonlinear pattern of traffic with a precision of about 0.9880. On competitive performance ([0.9838]), Federated Learning achieves competitive performance and obtains data privacy only with decentralized training, which is suitable in collaborative and privacy-conscious environments. Importantly, Neuro-Symbolic AI model has a high accuracy/interpretability/robustness balance, as it has better recall and F1-score with the minority and complex attack classes. These results suggest that there is no universally best model but instead the option of intrusion detection methodology depends on specific operational needs such as detection reliability, computing efficiency, and privacy limits. The research is practically applicable in choosing AI-based models of intrusion detectors in the actual world of cybersecurity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-021

The Error Analysis two-dimension nonlinear convection diffusion problem by using Crank- Nicolson Petrov Weak Galerkin

Wafaa S. Mohammed — 2026-10-03

In this paper, focuses on the formulation and investigation of two dimensional non-linear Convection diffusion equations using the Crank–Nicolson Petrov weak Galerkin finite element approach. We apply weak Galerkin finite element method and Petrov Galerkin finite element mothed. we defining a space of the Petrov Weak Galerkin finite element method that depends on a test function space differs from the trial function space the value a constant stability parameter of the delta parameter. The stability and error estimate full-discrete is proved and the approximate solutions are convergent with the error of . The analysis addresses stability properties, derives error estimates, and establishes optimal convergence rates in both the and norms for the Petrov weak Galerkin finite element PWGFE scheme. In addition, the numerical results of PWGFE method show the convergence and accuracy of the method. several numerical experiments are conducted to validate the theoretical findings.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-022

Green Spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC Methods for the Quantification of Cefdinir in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comprehensive Review

Abdalrhman Saad Abdaljaber — 2026-10-03

This review examines 36 peer-reviewed studies (2004–2026) on the determination of the drug Cefdinir, comparing "green" methods with Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) in light of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles and ICH guidelines. RP-HPLC offers high sensitivity (detection limits in the ng/mL range) and excellent quantitative capabilities, yet it consumes significant amounts of solvents. In contrast, spectrophotometric methods are cost-effective and environmentally friendly, though they exhibit lower sensitivity (detection limits in the μg/mL range) and selectivity. Despite recent innovations—such as the use of alternative solvents and cloud-point extraction—the use of hazardous solvents remains prevalent. This review presents a roadmap for pharmaceutical analysis, emphasizing the shift toward miniaturized, eco-friendly techniques.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-023

Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of Endophytic Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. for gold nanoparticles biosynthesis

Azhar Mohammed Alewi — 2026-10-03

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly explored due to their interesting optical and physicochemical properties and biological synthesis is a cheaper and eco-friendly method to prepare AuNPs. In this study, the biosynthetic capacity of two fungal isolates Penicillium sp. (Eucalyptus leaves) and Aspergillus sp. (Capparis leaves) for the production of AuNP was compared. Visual color change, UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analysis based on microscopy and quantitative, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used as a means of assessing the fungal filtrates. AuNP produced by Penicillium sp. had a reproducible surface plasmon resonance peak of 507.00 ± 0.50 nm, with a maximum absorbance of 0.823 ± 0.012 AU, while for Aspergillus sp., the surface plasmon resonance peak was 376.00 ± 0.50 nm, and the maximum absorbance was 0.244 ± 0.007 AU. The differences in both cases were highly significant (p<0.001), with the peak wavelength exhibiting a very large effect size (r = 0.99998) and the maximum absorbance having a very large effect size (r = 0.99971). The average particle size of 60 microscopy derived measurements was 33.53 ± 10.21 nm with a range between 15.65 and 57.27 nm, corresponding to a polydisperse population of nanoscale particles. The shape of the particles was spherical or quasi-spherical, mostly, and dispersion and localized aggregation were variable as observed by electron microscopy. The CVs across the three independent replicates of Penicillium sp were 0.10%, 1.47% and 1.20% for peak wavelength, maximum absorbance and mean particle size respectively, respectively indicating good experimental reproducibility. Penicillium sp. has been found to be more reproducible and prolific AuNP associated response than Aspergillus sp. under the tested conditions making it an eco friendly biological system for gold nanoparticle biosynthesis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54633/2333-025-059-013